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In May 1915, the Central Powers launched one of the greatest offensive operations of the First World War. The armies of Germany and Austria-Hungary planned to smash their way through Russia lines and tip the strategic balance in their favor. The result was one of the biggest and bloodiest campaigns of the war, known today as the Great Russian Retreat.
In the last years of the 19th century, tension was building in the Caribbean. American newspapers were filled with grisly reports of Spanish atrocities against the people of Cuba struggling for independence. US businessmen and expansionist politicians also saw practical opportunities in Spain’s struggles: great power status and an empire for the United States. It’s the Spanish-American War.
In early 1917, the United States was still neutral in the First World War. Meanwhile, German leaders were getting desperate – if they couldn’t find a way to break the war of attrition on the Western Front, the Allies would probably defeat them. The result was multiple gambles that staked everything on a quick victory with the risk of drawing the US into the war.
By April 1915, the Western Front was mired in trench warfare. Germany’s new Chief of Staff, General Erich von Falkenhayn, didn’t think his army could break the deadlock, and Germany needed to help struggling Austro-Hungarian forces in the East. Before the Germans turned against Russia though, they decided to attack in the West to keep the Allies off balance. They chose to strike at the vulnerable Ypres Salient – and they would support the coming offensive with a weapon their enemies had never seen.
In the late 19th and early 20th century the great European powers were entangled in a series of escalating crises and wars. Each successive crisis brought the world one step closer to the outbreak of the First World War.
Both the Entente and the Central Powers didn't achieve a breakthrough in 1916. 1917 would bring dramatic changes on all fronts with new weapons, tactics, two Russian Revolutions and more.
The armistice of November 11, 1918 ended the fighting between the Great Powers in the first world war. But for much of Europe and the Middle East, the armistice nor the peace treaties that followed failed to achieve a stable peace. The collapse of the German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian Empires left an unstable power vacuum and brought opportunities for political violence. The so-called Big Four victorious powers at the Paris Peace Conference – the Americans, British, French, and Italians – didn’t have the power or political will to impose peace everywhere. The result was a series of bitter regional wars that would plunge millions into ruin, radically reshape the map, and still fire debates today.